Are autonomous ships the future of maritime shipping for supply chains?

The development of autonomous vessels is progressing steadily. Researchers, shipbuilders and regulatory bodies are actively working toward the realization of fully autonomous ships, but how far are we from seeing self-piloting ships being used more widely? And which challenges do we still face?
Current status of autonomous ships
The development of autonomous ships is still in the early stages, but some significant advancements have occurred. At present, there are only a few notable autonomous vessels in operation. One example is a small container ship in Norway, capable of conducting short coastal voyages autonomously with a few hundred containers on board. Meanwhile, research groups in South Korea are developing advanced, fully autonomous navigation systems that can be integrated into larger vessels. Additionally, several autonomous systems, such as automated sails, are already functioning aboard traditional ships.
Degrees of autonomy and the role of shipowners
A common misconception about autonomous ships is that they will necessarily operate without any crew on board. In fact, there are varying levels of autonomy, and many vessels will still require crew members, even if key functions are controlled by autonomous systems. This raises an important question: do shipowners currently possess the necessary expertise to ensure the safe operation of an autonomous ship?
Traditionally, shipowners have been responsible for ensuring the seaworthiness of their vessels – from checking nuts and bolts to ensuring that the crew is adequately trained. However, the introduction of AI and autonomous systems complicates this process. Shipowners might now need to employ software experts to ensure that the AI systems driving the vessel are functioning correctly. This requires a new level of due diligence beyond the mechanical and operational aspects of the ship.
Standards and regulations: Where are we now?
The regulation of autonomous ships is still developing. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is currently working on a Marine Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) Code. This framework is expected to be introduced as a voluntary code by 2026, with the possibility that it will be mandatory later. For now, the regulatory landscape remains sparse, but the IMO’s efforts signal the start of a standardized approach.
Autonomous ships, like conventional ones, will need to be registered with a flag state, and each flag state will have its own set of requirements. Classification societies will also play a significant role in setting standards for autonomous ships, just as they do for traditional vessels. In addition to international regulations, national regulations could also come into play as countries adapt their policies to this emerging technology. Furthermore, incidents and casualties involving autonomous ships will likely drive further regulation, especially when it comes to safety requirements.
Insurance challenges
One of the key issues in the rollout of autonomous ships will be insurance. Autonomous technology introduces new risks, and insurers will need to develop products to cover these risks. As with any new product, premiums will probably be high in the early stages. To determine where claims are likely to arise, insurers will need to carefully assess the risks associated with autonomous systems and see them operating in the real world. Over time, as autonomous technology matures and becomes more reliable and more widely used, premiums are likely to stabilize. For now, this remains a significant concern for potential operators of autonomous vessels.
Conclusion
While we are at the early stages of the journey toward fully autonomous ships, progress is being made. From small-scale autonomous container ships to research into AI-driven navigation, the building blocks are being put in place. However, many challenges remain, particularly in terms of regulation, insurance and the expertise needed to manage these advanced systems. As the technology evolves, so too will the maritime industry’s approach to integrating autonomy into its operations. Whether autonomous ships will become the dominant form of maritime transport remains to be seen, but they are certainly on the horizon.
Autonomous ships hold immense potential to transform and enhance global supply chains. By leveraging advanced technologies, these vessels can improve operational efficiency, reduce delays and lower costs. Their ability to operate continuously, adjust routes dynamically and integrate with other automated systems offers a new level of precision and reliability in the movement of goods. As the technology and regulatory frameworks develop, autonomous ships could become a vital part of a more resilient and streamlined supply chain, helping to meet growing global demand while minimizing disruptions and inefficiencies.
Source: Reed Smith LLP